Description: The centralised data storage facilities of the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) contain a total of over 700 000 bedrock and boulder observations. The observations have been gathered since the end of 19th century. The data system contains observations from 1905. Bedrock observations are spatial data, in which a large amount of attribute information are associated with a certain coordinate point. An observation consists of a rock outcrop or boulder located and positioned in the field, observations and measurements made as well as geochemical analyses performed. At the observation site, in addition to the outcrop or boulder, there may be an outcrop group, a littoral boulder field, frost-shattered bedrock, a rock profile, an investigation trench and a rock-cutting or quarry. The most usual data noted are the lithologies in the outcrop and their relative abundances, the structures that occur in the rock and tectonic measurements. The bedrock observations are produced in the GTK's own programmes: bedrock mapping, ore exploration, rock and mineral aggregate studies, dimension stone investigations (natural stone research) and urban mapping. The exploration activities of Outokumpu Oy, Rautaruuki Oy and Lapin Malmi Oy have also produced observations as well as similar ore investigations and bedrock mapping in projects carried out by various universities. The data sets from different sources are not commensurable and information on the quality of the data is partly lacking. The data consist of the following layers: bedrock observation point, main joint set trend, outcrop picture, rock type (lithology) observation point, sample information, tectonic measurements (structural geology measurements), dyke line, observation area, rock quality, rock type polygon (lithological polygon) and suitability.
‘BEDROCK.Bedrock_observation’ is a point layer that contains observations and data associated with the geographical locality of the bedrock or boulder observation as well as information on positioning accuracy, the observation process, the project, the source data set and date related details.
‘BEDROCK.Joint_set’ is a point layer, which contains data on the jointing measured at the observation site.
‘BEDROCK.Outcrop_picture’ is a point layer that contains data on the photographs and sketches associated with the observation.
‘BEDROCK.Rock_observation_point’ is a point layer that contains information and observations relating to the rock types (lithologies) at the observation site.
‘BEDROCK.Sample’ is a point layer that contains data on samples taken from the observation site and thin sections made from these, petrophysical measurements and geochemical determinations.
‘BEDROCK.Tectonic_measurement’ is a point layer that contains information on structural and tectonic parameters measured at the observation site.
‘BEDROCK.Dyke_line ’ is a line layer that contains dykes and related information outlined by the map maker at the observation site. ‘BEDROCK.Observation_area’ is an area layer that contains the external boundaries of the observation area.
‘BEDROCK.Rock_quality’ is an area layer that contains more precise data collected during dimension stone investigations, in research relating to rock construction and during urban mapping about the fracturing that occurs in the observation area as well as the quality of the rock types.
‘BEDROCK.Rock_type_polygon’ is an area layer that contains rock type areas (lithological areas) outlined by the map maker at the observation site.
‘BEDROCK.Suitability’ is an area layer that contains data gathered during dimension stone investigations and during rock and mineral aggregate studies about the suitability of the rock types in the observation area for further use.
Description: The centralised data storage facilities of the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) contain altogether 28857 deep drill holes and boreholes to the bedrock. The drillings began in the 1920's and they still continue. The drilling data has been collected to databases since in 1989. The information of drillings which are older than this has been digitised when necessary. The deep drill holes of the bedrock are a spatial data in which the rock sample has been taken from a certain location by drilling. The data contains the information which is related to this sample site and to the core sample. The azimuth, dip and length of the drill hole vary according to the geological environment of the area. The drilling is performed based on the drilling plan drawn up by a geologist. The geologist supervises the drilling site and the realization of the plan and observes and records the information to the database. The following information is saved to the database: the information related to the positioning and location of the drilling, the information about the drilling organization, the information of the storage place of the core sample, the dip of the drill hole, the lithological information of the sample, cutting angle of the structures, the ore minerals and their appearance in the sample, mineral alteration, structure and texture, stratigraphy, core loss, analysed sample intervals and the geochemical analysis results, physical and petrophysical laboratory measurements, drill hole soundings and thin sections. In the deep drill holes the azimuth is determinated in degrees. In the full circle there are 360°. The cardinal azimuth is set to be North (000° or 360°). The hole azimuth is decided by the geologist assisted by geophysical background information and geophysicist. The objective is to get a representative sample of the bedrock units. Hole dip refers to the angle between a horizontal direction and a drilling. The hole dip in the databases of GTK is represented in degrees (°). The dip of the vertical hole is 90°. In horizontal hole the dip is 0°. In that case the drilling has been performed either in a mine or in a quarry or the sample is continuous gouge sample sawed from the bedrock. With respect to the horizontal surface the dip of the drill hole is negative upwards. For example, when a dip is -45° the hole has been drilled in underground mine in the angle of 45 degrees to upwards. The dip of the hole to be drilled is decided by the geologist assisted by geophysical background information and geophysicist. The dip can be presented also as grads. This unit has been used mainly by mining companies. The length of the drilled hole in the databases of the GTK is represented in metres (m). In addition to the drilling plan, the capacity of the drilling machine and the quality of the bedrock affect the length of the drill hole. In the shattered bedrock the hole can be jammed before the objective length. The lengths of the drilled holes vary from 1 metre to 2,5 kilometres. Petrophysical laboratory measurements have been made from the drill core since about the year 1965. Since the year 1963 petrological and ore analyses have been made from the selected core samples. The use of analyses was established and increased at the end of the 1980's with the development of analysis methods. During the present the geochemical analyses are an essential part of the drilling project and are done from all the bore holes, with few exceptions. The type samples representing the lithological units of the area and the sample intervals significant to exploration are selected for analyses. The deep drill holes have been made by the following programmes of the GTK: ore exploration, rock and mineral aggregate studies, natural stone investigations, bedrock mapping and urban mapping. In addition to these, the deep drill holes have been made among others by Outokumpu, Rautaruukki and Lapin Malmi and by the cooperation projects drawn by the universities. The data sets from different sources are not commensurable and information on the quality of the data is partly lacking. The data have been digitised when necessary and a part of the drilling information is still in the paper based archives.
Description: 1:250 000 happamien sulfaattimaiden aineisto sisältää vuodesta 2009 lähtien tuotettua aineistoa happamien sulfaattimaiden esiintymisestä ja ominaisuuksista Suomen rannikkoalueilta ja rannikkoalueiden valuma-alueilta karkeasti muinaisen Litorina-meren korkeimpaan rantatasoon saakka. Aineisto sisältää seuraavat tasot:
1. Happamat sulfaattimaat 1:250 000 karttojen aluetasot:
- Sulfaattimaiden esiintymisen todennäköisyys
-Karkearakeisten sulfaattimaiden esiintymisen todennäköisyys
2. Happamat sulfaattimaat 1:250 000 karttojen tutkimuspisteet 3. Happamat sulfaattimaat 1:250 000 karttojen kartoituspisteet
4. Happamat sulfaattimaat 1:250 000 karttojen pistekortit Aineiston avulla saadaan yleiskäsitys happamien sulfaattimaiden ominaisuuksista ja esiintymisalueista Suomessa. Sulfaattimaiden alueellinen esiintyminen esitetään kartalla aluemaisena tasona luokiteltuna neljään esiintymisen todennäköisyyttä kuvaavaan luokkaan: suuri, kohtalainen, pieni ja hyvin pieni. Näiden lisämääreenä esitetään tieto aluemaisena tasona siitä, mikäli hapan sulfaattimaa on karkeata maalajia, sillä näiden ominaisuudet poikkeavat merkittävästi tyypillisistä hienorakeisista sulfaattimaista. Kairauspisteiden (tutkimus- ja kartoituspisteet) havainto- ja analyysitiedot esitetään karttapohjalla aluetason päällä pistemäisenä aineistona sekä tutkimuspisteiden osalta pistekorttien muodossa. Tutkimuspisteiltä on enemmän näytteitä ja analyysitietoja kuin kartoituspisteiltä. Kartoitusaineistoa voidaan hyödyntää mm. maankäytön suunnittelussa sekä vesienhoidon suunnittelun ja toimenpideohjelmien laadinnassa ja toteutuksessa ympäristön suojelun ja maankäytön näkökulmien ja vaatimusten mukaisesti. Kartoitusmittakaava on 1:20 000-1:50 000. Havaintopistetiheys on keskimäärin 1-2/2 km² ja aluemaisen kuvion minimikoko on yleensä 6 ha. Maastokartoitusten yhteydessä on kerätty havaintoja maaperän maalajeista, kerrosjärjestyksestä, sulfidin esiintymisestä ja esiintymissyvyydestä sekä maan pH-arvoista. Kartoitussyvyys on kolme metriä. Laboratorioanalyyseihin kuuluvat muun muassa alkuainemääritykset ICP-OES-menetelmällä ja pH-inkubaatio. Aineisto julkaistaan Geologian tutkimuskeskuksen ”Happamat sulfaattimaat” -karttapalvelussa.
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The data on acid sulfate soils in 1:250 000 scale contains material generated since 2009 on the existence and properties of sulfate soils on the Finnish coastal areas and their drainage basins roughly up to the highest shoreline of the ancient Litorina Sea. The data contains the following levels:
1. Acid sulfate soils, 1:250 000 maps: - Probability of the existence of acid sulfate soils
- Probability of the existence of coarse-grained acid sulfate soils
2. Acid sulfate soils, profile points on 1:250 000 maps 3. Acid sulfate soils, survey points on 1:250 000 maps 4. Acid sulfate soils, profile point fact sheets on 1:250 000 maps The data gives a general outlook on the properties and occurrence of acid sulfate soils. The regional existence of sulfate soils is presented as a regional map plane using a four-tiered probability classification: high, moderate, low and very low. These classifications are complemented with regional planar data on whether the acid sulfate soil is coarse-grained, since its properties are significantly different from typical fine-grained sulfate soils. The drilling point (profile points and survey points) observations and analysis data are presented as point-like data on the map and as profile point fact sheets linked to points The survey data can be utilised, for example, in the planning and execution of land use and water management as required by environmental protection and land use. The survey scale is 1:20 000-1:50 000. The observation point density is 1-2 / 2 km² on average, and the minimum area of the region-like pattern is usually 6 hectares. The surveys collected data on the lithostratigraphy, existence of sulfide and the depth where found, and the soil pH values. The survey depth is three metres. The laboratory analyses included the determination of elements with the ICP-OES method and pH incubation. The data is published in GTK’s Acid Sulfate Soils map service.
Description: 1:250 000 happamien sulfaattimaiden aineisto sisältää vuodesta 2009 lähtien tuotettua aineistoa happamien sulfaattimaiden esiintymisestä ja ominaisuuksista Suomen rannikkoalueilta ja rannikkoalueiden valuma-alueilta karkeasti muinaisen Litorina-meren korkeimpaan rantatasoon saakka. Aineisto sisältää seuraavat tasot:
1. Happamat sulfaattimaat 1:250 000 karttojen aluetasot:
- Sulfaattimaiden esiintymisen todennäköisyys
-Karkearakeisten sulfaattimaiden esiintymisen todennäköisyys
2. Happamat sulfaattimaat 1:250 000 karttojen tutkimuspisteet 3. Happamat sulfaattimaat 1:250 000 karttojen kartoituspisteet
4. Happamat sulfaattimaat 1:250 000 karttojen pistekortit Aineiston avulla saadaan yleiskäsitys happamien sulfaattimaiden ominaisuuksista ja esiintymisalueista Suomessa. Sulfaattimaiden alueellinen esiintyminen esitetään kartalla aluemaisena tasona luokiteltuna neljään esiintymisen todennäköisyyttä kuvaavaan luokkaan: suuri, kohtalainen, pieni ja hyvin pieni. Näiden lisämääreenä esitetään tieto aluemaisena tasona siitä, mikäli hapan sulfaattimaa on karkeata maalajia, sillä näiden ominaisuudet poikkeavat merkittävästi tyypillisistä hienorakeisista sulfaattimaista. Kairauspisteiden (tutkimus- ja kartoituspisteet) havainto- ja analyysitiedot esitetään karttapohjalla aluetason päällä pistemäisenä aineistona sekä tutkimuspisteiden osalta pistekorttien muodossa. Tutkimuspisteiltä on enemmän näytteitä ja analyysitietoja kuin kartoituspisteiltä. Kartoitusaineistoa voidaan hyödyntää mm. maankäytön suunnittelussa sekä vesienhoidon suunnittelun ja toimenpideohjelmien laadinnassa ja toteutuksessa ympäristön suojelun ja maankäytön näkökulmien ja vaatimusten mukaisesti. Kartoitusmittakaava on 1:20 000-1:50 000. Havaintopistetiheys on keskimäärin 1-2/2 km² ja aluemaisen kuvion minimikoko on yleensä 6 ha. Maastokartoitusten yhteydessä on kerätty havaintoja maaperän maalajeista, kerrosjärjestyksestä, sulfidin esiintymisestä ja esiintymissyvyydestä sekä maan pH-arvoista. Kartoitussyvyys on kolme metriä. Laboratorioanalyyseihin kuuluvat muun muassa alkuainemääritykset ICP-OES-menetelmällä ja pH-inkubaatio. Aineisto julkaistaan Geologian tutkimuskeskuksen ”Happamat sulfaattimaat” -karttapalvelussa.
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The data on acid sulfate soils in 1:250 000 scale contains material generated since 2009 on the existence and properties of sulfate soils on the Finnish coastal areas and their drainage basins roughly up to the highest shoreline of the ancient Litorina Sea. The data contains the following levels:
1. Acid sulfate soils, 1:250 000 maps: - Probability of the existence of acid sulfate soils
- Probability of the existence of coarse-grained acid sulfate soils
2. Acid sulfate soils, profile points on 1:250 000 maps 3. Acid sulfate soils, survey points on 1:250 000 maps 4. Acid sulfate soils, profile point fact sheets on 1:250 000 maps The data gives a general outlook on the properties and occurrence of acid sulfate soils. The regional existence of sulfate soils is presented as a regional map plane using a four-tiered probability classification: high, moderate, low and very low. These classifications are complemented with regional planar data on whether the acid sulfate soil is coarse-grained, since its properties are significantly different from typical fine-grained sulfate soils. The drilling point (profile points and survey points) observations and analysis data are presented as point-like data on the map and as profile point fact sheets linked to points The survey data can be utilised, for example, in the planning and execution of land use and water management as required by environmental protection and land use. The survey scale is 1:20 000-1:50 000. The observation point density is 1-2 / 2 km² on average, and the minimum area of the region-like pattern is usually 6 hectares. The surveys collected data on the lithostratigraphy, existence of sulfide and the depth where found, and the soil pH values. The survey depth is three metres. The laboratory analyses included the determination of elements with the ICP-OES method and pH incubation. The data is published in GTK’s Acid Sulfate Soils map service.